ADHD

What is ADHD?

ADHD (attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that affects approximately 11% of children ages 4-17, and 9% of teens/adults ages 18 and up. According to the CDC, boys are twice as likely to be diagnosed with ADHD than girls. The symptoms of ADHD can affect a child’s participation and success with school, friendships, self care skills, and play. Often, a child or teen’s self esteem can be affected, as well. As a result, early identification and treatment is crucial.

Signs and Symptoms of ADHD

The primary symptoms of ADHD include hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention, but these symptoms may look different depending on the child. Children who have ADHD often show symptoms while they are very young.

Preschoolers with ADHD are more likely to have trouble in daycare or preschool, have problems with peer relationships, and be more prone to injury. School aged children with ADHD often struggle with academics, problems at home, and successful participation in sport and activities. Teens with ADHD are at higher risk for educational and job related challenges, as well as social challenges. Early intervention and treatment has been shown to significantly decrease these risks.

There are 3 presentations of ADHD- (1) Inattentive, (2) Hyperactive-Impulsive and (3) Combined (showing symptoms of each). 

(1) Inattentive

Tthis is when a child with ADHD has difficulty focusing and paying attention, and may appear to ‘tune out’ others):

(2) Hyperactive Impulsive

This is the most common symptom, and children are often described as ‘on the go’.

(3) Combined Type

This the most common type.

Causes of ADHD

Although no specific causes of ADHD have been identified yet, research tells us that there are some subtle brain differences in children with ADHD. Put simply, the communication between different parts of the brain is often disrupted.

Research also tells us that heredity may play a role, as up to 50% of children diagnosed with ADHD also have a parent who had ADHD as a child. Other factors that increase a child’s risk for ADHD include difficulties in utero, significantly low birth weight, and premature delivery.

Although research does not support the theory that excessive screen time, poor nutrition, and high sugar intake cause ADHD, these factors have been shown to worsen symptoms in some children.

Diagnosis of ADHD

There is no single test to diagnose ADHD. A comprehensive diagnostic test is important to establish a diagnosis, and rule out other causes or conditions. A complete test may include parent/child interview, medical history review, parent/teacher completed behavior rating scales, psychological testing and/or intelligence testing, and spending time with the child to observe behavior. Additional neurodevelopmental, hearing, vision, or learning disability screenings may also be included to rule out other causes of symptoms.

Several types of professionals can diagnose ADHD, including clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, pediatricians, and neurologists. Regardless of who diagnoses your child, the use of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) is necessary. To be diagnosed with ADHD, a child must have a specified number of symptoms for at least 6 months.

A child can be evaluated for ADHD beginning at age 4. If you suspect that your child is displaying symptoms, the first step is discussing your concerns with your pediatrician, who may refer you to a specialist for an evaluation.

Treatment for ADHD

Treatment for children with ADHD may include a combination of therapeutic approaches, which may include occupational therapy, educational supports, counseling, behavioral therapy, and medication. Since ADHD affects each child and family differently, a combination of approaches may be successful.

Occupational therapy (OT) is one of the most common treatments for children or teens with ADHD. OTs use a child’s strengths to help overcome challenges and improve his/her participation and success at home, in the community, and at school.

Common treatment strategies that OTs can use to help kids with ADHD may include: